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Introduction Histamine Imidazolyl ethylamine is an important
2022-02-26
Introduction Histamine [2-(4-Imidazolyl)-ethylamine] is an important mediator of many physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, gastric LY2940680 secretion, neuromodulation, regulation of immune function, cell proliferation and differentiation, among others. Histamine exerts
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br Financial support This study was
2022-02-25
Financial support This study was supported by Grant PH-102-PP-11, PH-103-PP-11 from the National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan. Conflict of interest Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details. Authors’ contributions Acknowledgements Introduction
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Taken together specific antibodies and SR SIM used
2022-02-25
Taken together, specific lck inhibitor and SR-SIM used in the study helped uniquely visualize the distribution of lymphocytes and macrophages with their molecular expression in human cochleae. Using SR-SIM, we verified that resident IBA1-positive macrophages are widely distributed in human cochlea
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Alpha synuclein AS is a
2022-02-25
Alpha synuclein (AS) is a protein located in presynaptic terminals of neurons that functions in recycling and storage of neurotransmitters [17]. Under conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress, AS proteins misfold and accumulate into 2-D08 [81], [90]. The aggregates of misfolded AS oligimorize
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br Acknowledgement This work was supported in part by grants
2022-02-25
Acknowledgement This work was supported in part by grants from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad from Spain (BFU2011-23034). Introduction The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia emerged from observations in the 1960s that phencyclidine and similar psychotomimetic agents produce sc
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br Investigations br Genetics GLUT is a membrane bound glyco
2022-02-25
Investigations Genetics GLUT1 is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that provides base-rate glucose transport across blood-tissue barriers. It is constituitively expressed in erythrocytes, BTL105 microvessels and astroglia. The gene exclusively associated with GLUT1 is SLC2A1, located on chromosom
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Analogous to all GPCRs the GLP R transduces
2022-02-25
Analogous to all GPCRs, the GLP-1R transduces signals from the outside of the cell to the inside by allosterically converting a ligand-binding event to activation of intracellular effectors. The GLP-1R couples to several intracellular effectors and this pleiotropic coupling is physiologically releva
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Besides its established insulinotropic actions GIP
2022-02-25
Besides its established insulinotropic actions, GIP has been shown to possess other direct beneficial effects on the beta cell, including stimulation of growth, differentiation, proliferation and survival.21, 22, 23 It has also been shown to stimulate proinsulin gene transcription and translation. M
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br Conflicts of interest br Acknowledgments This
2022-02-25
Conflicts of interest Acknowledgments This work was supported by the following funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81502222); Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2013CFB370); Training program for Wuhan young and middle-aged medical backbone personnel (2017–51). In
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However ghrelin has a short half life of min
2022-02-25
However, ghrelin has a short half-life of 15–20 min, because it is a natural peptide containing 28-amino acids, its clinical usefulness as a therapeutic agent may be limited (Mosińska et al., 2017; Vestergaard et al., 2007). Hence, many efforts have been made to elucidate the smallest segment of ghr
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br Genetic manipulation variation of the ghrelin system
2022-02-25
Genetic manipulation/variation of the ghrelin system and alcohol-related outcomes Genetic manipulation of the ghrelin system (either the peptide or the receptor gene) via knockout rodent models has provided further insight into the role of this system in alcohol seeking and consummatory behaviors
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br ACKNOWLEDGMENTS br Introduction Odorant
2022-02-24
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction Odorant receptors (ORs) are the largest subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are mainly expressed by olfactory sensory neurons in the nose for the detection of various odorants [1]. However, more recent reports suggest that ORs are also expressed an
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br FREE FATTY ACID RECEPTOR GPR br G PROTEIN COUPLED
2022-02-24
FREE FATTY ACID RECEPTOR 1 (GPR40) G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 120 CONCLUSION Free fatty CC-115 receptors whose natural ligands are identified as FFAs having various lengths have been reported. They act as novel nutrient sensing receptors independent of PPARs and FABPs, and they are known t
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br What are the local exocytotic protein
2022-02-24
What are the local exocytotic protein targets of PKC? A direct method for PKC to potentiate insulin release would be to phosphorylate and activate components of the exocytotic machinery. Bulk measurements show that potentiation occurs by enhancement of the calcium sensitivity of exocytosis [56],
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The stable association of Hat complexes
2022-02-24
The stable association of Hat1 complexes with histones H3 and H4 raises a number of interesting issues. The first is the question of how Hat1 remains stably associated with histones H3 and H4. While the simple answer is that Hat1 remains bound to histones because of its association with histone chap
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